The most widespread human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, causes both superficial and systemic infections, colonizing multiple mucosal sites, including the oral cavity, and gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, in symptomatically immunocompromised patients, but not in healthy individuals. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated a need to hospitalize 75,000 patients per year with drug-resistant fungal infections and additionally fungal infections have increased in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, they have to be administered at low doses due to their cytotoxic effects, which leads to reduced antifungal efficacy resistant fungi have been isolated from many such patients. Current pharmacological options available for fungal infections, include azoles (fluconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin), and polyenes (Amphotericin B). ![]() Unlike bacteria, the development of fungal drug resistance is slow globally, because drug-resistance genes for antifungal agents must be independently generated. Pathogenic fungi, though less studied, are rapidly becoming resistant to antifungal agents because of treatment with sub-therapeutic doses or misuse of antifungal drugs, nosocomial transmission, and large-scale use of fungicides in agriculture. ![]() ![]() The emergence of new drug-resistant pathogens and the rapid increase in the number of patients infected by these pathogens, are currently the serious issues in human health worldwide, which can also be considered a risk factor that can cause another pandemic after COVID-19.
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